Islam

Muslims and Christians both say God is one. The argument is whether Father, Son, and Spirit are partners beside God or the one God.

Muslims confess one God, Muhammad as his messenger, and the Qur’an as God’s word. The usual list is six articles of faith and five pillars. Sunni and Shia Muslims share that core and differ on leadership after Muhammad.

The Qur’an says the best names belong to God. Bukhari 7392 says he has ninety-nine names. That hadith page does not print the list. The Bible names the LORD, I AM, and the Almighty.

The Qur’an says there is nothing like Allah, and that vision does not perceive him. It also speaks of his Face and of the Most Merciful above the Throne. Muslims are not offering a picture of God. Christians say the Son is the image of the invisible God.

Islam and Christianity both speak of one God and honor Jesus. They divide on who Jesus is, whether he was crucified, and whether God is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

Allah is the name the Qur’an uses for God. The Qur’an says he has no son. The God of the Bible is the Father of Jesus, and the Word was God.

In 624 Muhammad’s people met a Meccan force at Badr. The Qur’an calls it a victory given while they were few, and it names the day the two armies met.

After the Battle of the Trench, Muhammad’s forces besieged the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza. The Qur’an says a party was killed and a party taken captive. A Sunni hadith says Sa‘d judged that the warriors be killed and the women and children taken prisoner.

Muslim sources say Muhammad died in Medina in 632, at sixty-three, and that in his last illness he still felt the poison from a sheep he had eaten at Khaybar.

Christians do not receive Muhammad as a prophet. They confess that Jesus is God, that he was crucified and raised, and that this gospel was already public before Muhammad was born.

Sahih al-Bukhari says Muhammad’s first revelation came in the cave of Hira, when an angel pressed him and told him to recite. The words are Qur’an 96:1–5. Encyclopaedia Britannica dates the call to about 610.

Qur’an 47:19 tells Muhammad to ask forgiveness for his sin, and for believing men and women. Qur’an 48:2 speaks of forgiveness for what preceded of his sin and what will follow. The Gospel says Jesus knew no sin.

Sahih Muslim 203 says Muhammad’s father is in the Fire. Sahih Muslim 976 says he was not allowed to ask forgiveness for his mother.

Sahih Muslim 2953 ties the Hour to a boy of the Ansar. Bukhari 6511 records Hisham’s reading that the Hour meant their death.

Qur’an 54:1 says the moon has split, and Bukhari and Muslim report that in Mecca. NASA describes Rima Ariadaeus as a fault about 300 kilometers long.

Qur’an 33:21 calls Muhammad an excellent pattern. The same surah records the marriage to Zaynab. Qur’an 47:19 says to ask forgiveness. Jesus did no sin.

Intercession belongs to Allah and avails only by his permission. Believers ask God to bless Muhammad. The Gospel names one mediator, Christ Jesus.

Qur’an 46:9 has Muhammad say he does not know what will be done with him. 1 John 5:13 says believers may know they have eternal life.

Muslim sources name Muhammad as a man who preached in Mecca, moved to Medina in 622, and died there on 8 June 632. That is a historical claim. It is not the same thing as calling him a prophet.

The Qur’an calls Muhammad the unlettered prophet, and a Sunni hadith says he answered the angel, “I do not know how to read.” The same Arabic word is also rendered “unlearned.” A treaty report says he wrote or had the line written.

Al-Tabari and Ibn Sa‘d record the Gharaniq story. Ibn Kathir calls the reports mursal. Ibn Hajar and al-Albani grade the chains differently. Bukhari 4862 is the prostration.

Sunni hadith say Muhammad was of medium height, neither absolutely white nor deep brown, with hair neither fully curly nor lank, and that al-Bara saw him in a red cloak. Christians do not take that description as a portrait to follow.

Qur’an 69:44–46 says God would cut the aorta if Muhammad invented sayings. Bukhari 4428 says he felt that pain from the Khaybar poison as he died.

Qur’an 3:54 and 8:30 say God is the best of planners or schemers. Saheeh International does not say “deceivers.” The Bible says God does not lie.

Qur’an 15:9 says God guards the message. Sahih reports also describe a later collection, burned copies, and verses companions said they recited that are not in the book.

The Qur’an names messengers and says some stories were not related. It does not print a total. It calls Muhammad the seal of the prophets. Christians say God has spoken by the Son, who is God, not by a later seal.

Bukhari reports seven ways of reciting. Later Sunni lists count seven, then ten, canonical readings. Printed Hafs and Warsh differ in some words.

The Qur’an calls its verses clear and detailed. Qur’an 3:7 also says some are unspecific, and that no one knows their true interpretation except Allah.

Qur’an 11 and 71 tell Nuh’s warning, the ark, and the flood. Genesis 6–9 names the covenant and the bow. Both call the flood a judgment. They differ on detail and on the God who speaks.

Qur’an 30:2–4 predicts a Roman recovery. Tirmidhi reports a seventh-year victory; identifying the relevant campaign requires a chronology.

Ibn Kathir reads the embryo, heaven, and mountain verses as creation in his words. The Qur’an names the book itself as the sign no one can match.

Israel, Rome, and early Islam all had slavery. The Law condemns kidnapping and still allows foreign slaves for ever. The Qur’an urges manumission and permits concubinage.

Sahih al-Bukhari 5763 says Labid worked magic on Muhammad until he imagined an act he had not done. Qur’an 17:47 puts “bewitched” in his opponents’ mouths.

A hadith is a report of what Muhammad said or did. The sira is the biographical tradition of his life. Sunni and Shia Muslims do not treat the same hadith books as their canon.

The Qur’an says God will not lose the work of a man or a woman, and that believing men and women are allies. It also gives men charge over women, a double share of inheritance to a son, and two women as witnesses for one man.

In the Qur’an, jihad is striving, and some verses command battle. Apostasy is a separate ruling. Sunni hadith in Bukhari and Muslim order death for the person who leaves Islam.

The Qur’an regulates slavery and urges that slaves be freed. It also permits war captives and sexual relations with women a man’s right hand possesses.

A mosque is the Muslim place of prostration. The Qur’an calls the masjids for Allah, points prayer toward the Sacred Mosque, and has a caller gather the people. Christians say worship is not tied to a direction toward Mecca.

Muslims use sharia for the path they treat as God’s law. Britannica says that law is considered divine and immutable, and that fiqh, the human effort to state it, is changeable. The Qur’an speaks of an ordained way and of a law and a method.

Muslims confess that God sent down the Qur'an and guards it. Sahih al-Bukhari also describes a collection after Muhammad's death and a standard copy under Uthman.

Qur’an 24:31 tells believing women to draw their head coverings over their chests. Qur’an 33:59 tells them to draw outer garments over themselves. A Bukhari report describes covering the face. An Abu Dawud report points to the face and hands, and Abu Dawud calls it mursal.

The Qur’an says they did not crucify Jesus. The Gospels, Paul, Tacitus, and Josephus place that death under Pontius Pilate.

No. Jesus fell on his face and prayed to the Father. That is not the five daily prayers, toward the Sacred Mosque, that the Qur’an times.

Muslims often say Paul turned the prophet Jesus into a divine saviour. The creed he says he received, and the apostles he names, are the test of that claim.

The Qur’an tells Muslims to believe in the Torah and the Gospel as books God gave. It also calls the Qur’an a criterion over what came before. That is not the Protestant Old Testament in place of the Qur’an.

Matthew 12 says Isaiah 42 was fulfilled in Jesus. Kedar’s villages are told to sing. Isaiah 29:12 is a sealed book in a woe on Jerusalem.

The Qur'an says God gives life to the dead, is the First and the Last, and comes with the angels. The Gospel says Jesus does those things.

Qur’an 5:75 says Jesus and Mary ate food. Eating shows a body. Genesis 18 says the LORD ate with Abraham. The Son took flesh and remained God.

Galatians 1:8 says another gospel, even from an angel, is accursed. 1 John 2:22 names the one who denies the Father and the Son.

Does the Qur’an confirm the Bible? It calls the Torah and the Gospel guidance and tells the People of the Scripture to judge by them.

If Jesus is God, why did he pray? He prayed to the Father as a real man. The same Gospel says the Word was God and was made flesh.

Yes. The Qur’an names Jesus the Messiah, son of Mary, a word from God. It says he was not crucified. The Gospels tell that death and a risen Jesus.

No. The Bible does not name Muhammad. Deuteronomy 18 promises a prophet from Israel’s midst, and Acts 3 applies that promise to Jesus.

No. Song of Solomon 5:16 uses a plural Hebrew word for what is desirable. It does not print the name Muhammad.

Some Muslims hear Muhammad in Jesus' promise of the Comforter, and in the name Ahmad in Qur'an 61:6. John 14–16 says who that person is.

No. Ezekiel 18:20 and Qur’an 6:164 say guilt is personal. The Son lays down his life himself. That is not a bystander seized by a court.

Ibn Kathir says the Pure Spirit is Gabriel, and Luke 1 names Gabriel and the Holy Ghost as two. Acts 5:4 says a lie to the Holy Ghost is a lie to God.

God blessed Ishmael and promised him a great nation. Genesis gives the covenant, and the son of the offering, to Isaac.

The Qur’an calls both messengers, and calls Jesus the Messiah, born of Mary. The Gospels say the Word was God, crucified and raised.

John 20:17 has the risen Jesus say my God and your God. Qur’an 5:117 says my Lord and your Lord. John 20:28 has Thomas call him Lord and God.

Matthew 15:24 says Jesus was sent to Israel’s lost sheep. Matthew 28 sends the disciples to all nations. The Qur’an also addresses him to Israel.

Numbers 23:19 says God is not a man, that he should lie, in Balaam’s oracle that God will not unsay a blessing. John 1:14 says the Word was made flesh.

Bukhari 1358 says every child is born on the natural faith. Qur’an 2:37 says Adam’s Lord accepted his repentance. Romans 5 says death spread to all.

Qur’an 7:8–9 weighs deeds on scales. Qur’an 39:53 says God forgives all sins. Ephesians 2:8–9 says salvation is by grace through faith, not of works.

The Qur’an calls the Torah and the Gospel God’s word and tells Christians to judge by them, then denies the crucifixion and that Jesus is God.

No. Jesus was a Jew who worshipped Israel’s God, prayed to the Father, and was crucified. The Qur’an calls his disciples muslims in the sense of people who submit to God, which is not the religion of Muhammad.

No. The Qur’an accuses some people of distorting words and of writing scripture by hand. Early reports still describe a Torah brought in and read.

Son of Man names a human being, and it names the figure in Daniel 7 who comes with the clouds and receives everlasting dominion.

Muslims hear the Injil as a book God gave to Jesus. The New Testament uses 'gospel' for the news about Christ, and the Qur'an tells the People of the Gospel to judge by what they have.

Sahih al-Bukhari 3448 says Jesus will descend, break the cross, kill the pigs, and end the jizya. The Gospel says the crucified Jesus returns as Lord.

Qur’an 3:49 and 19:23–30 tell of clay birds, a palm, and an infant who speaks. The Infancy Gospel of Thomas and Pseudo-Matthew tell those episodes.

Qur’an 4:48 says God does not forgive shirk, and 39:53 calls sinners to his mercy. Romans 3:26 says God is just and the justifier through Christ.

Muslim scholars read Allah’s We as a plural of majesty. A plural pronoun, in the Qur’an or in Genesis, does not by itself prove the Trinity.

Qur’an 19:28 calls Mary the sister of Aaron. Sahih Muslim 2135 says people named children after earlier prophets. The Bible’s Miriam is a different woman.

Yes. Jesus is God the Son, truly God and truly human, one being with the Father. He is not the Father, and he is not a lesser god.

Jesus was praying Psalm 22. The cry is the opening of a psalm in which God hears the sufferer, and it belongs to the Son bearing sin, not to a split inside God or to a crucifixion that never happened.

Paul’s creed in 1 Corinthians 15 says Christ died, was buried, and was raised. Historians dispute the appearances.

Yes. Jesus of Nazareth was a real person, crucified under Pontius Pilate. Paul, the Gospels, Tacitus, and Josephus all place him there.

Messiah means anointed one. The King James Version uses that word in Daniel and “anointed” for the same idea elsewhere. Christians confess that Jesus is this Messiah and that he is God the Son.

What is the Trinity? Christians confess one God: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Not three gods, and not one person taking turns.

John the Baptist was not one of the Twelve. The Gospels call him the prophet and forerunner who prepared the way of the Lord, baptized Jesus, kept his own disciples, and testified that Jesus existed before him.

Paul says the head of Christ is God, and that the Son will subject himself to the Father. The same verse uses that word head for a husband and a wife.

Peter says to give a reason for the Christian hope with gentleness and respect, without pretending a real disagreement is small.