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Peter Kreeft is a Roman Catholic Apologist and professor of philosophy at Boston College.

20 Arguments for the Existence of God

Kreeft believes he can prove the existence of God. He documents 20 arguments for the existence of God on his website.

The Argument from Change

This argument seems to be a variation of The First Way. It goes something like:

%%{init: {'theme':'forest'}}%% flowchart LR A(All changing things require an external, unchanging cause.)--> B B(The universe is a changing thing.)--> C C(Therefore, the universe requires an external, unchanging cause. This cause is God.)

In the argument, Kreeft states, “Briefly, if there is nothing outside the material universe, then there is nothing that can cause the universe to change.” I'm not convinced this is true.

However, the more fundamental issue with the argument seems to be that it defines the first cause as God. If the first cause does not have a mind, it is not God. If we treat the first cause as a variable, we can take every property of God except consciousness, assign it to the first cause variable, and still have a logically coherent first cause.