# Messianic Prophecies Jesus Fulfilled > The New Testament applies Old Testament lines to Jesus. Edersheim counts 456 passages that ancient rabbis read as messianic. Isaiah 7:14 is not in that rabbinic list. - Canonical: https://apologetics.wiki/christianity/messianic-prophecies-jesus-fulfilled - Religions: Christianity - Denominations: none - Beliefs: none - Tags: messiah, prophecy, jesus - Updated: 2026-10-11 - Author: [Paul Ambrose](https://apologetics.wiki/author/hi-its-paul) ([GitHub](https://github.com/hi-its-paul)) import MessianicTable from '../../components/MessianicTable.astro'; Jesus is God the Son, and the New Testament says the Scriptures spoke of him beforehand. Matthew cites Isaiah for the virgin birth. Peter cites Isaiah for the wounds. A separate, older Jewish list, collected by Alfred Edersheim, shows that rabbis before and beside the church also read hundreds of Old Testament passages as messianic. The two lists are not the same list. ![Arc map of Old Testament and New Testament chapter connections. Bar height is the verse count, and arc color follows the distance between chapters.](/brand/bible-connections.png) [See the Full Map](/bible/connections). [How Many Times Does the New Testament Quote the Old Testament?](/christianity/how-many-times-does-the-new-testament-quote-the-old-testament) is the count of quotations, which is a wider set than this table. ## Key Points - [Matthew 1:23](/bible/matthew/1/23) applies [Isaiah 7:14](/bible/isaiah/7/14) to the birth of Jesus, with the formula that it might be fulfilled. [(2)](#ref-2) [(3)](#ref-3) - [1 Peter 2:24](/bible/1-peter/2/24) applies the wounds of [Isaiah 53:5](/bible/isaiah/53/5) to Jesus, by whose stripes the readers are healed. [(5)](#ref-5) [(6)](#ref-6) - Jesus himself uses two pictures as types: the bronze serpent in [Numbers 21:9](/bible/numbers/21/9), applied in [John 3:14](/bible/john/3/14), and Jonah’s three days in [Jonah 1:17](/bible/jonah/1/17), applied in [Matthew 12:40](/bible/matthew/12/40). [(7)](#ref-7) [(8)](#ref-8) [(9)](#ref-9) [(10)](#ref-10) - Edersheim’s Appendix IX says ancient rabbinic writings apply upwards of 456 Old Testament passages to the Messiah: 75 from the Pentateuch, 243 from the Prophets, and 138 from the Hagiographa, supported by more than 558 rabbinic references. [(1)](#ref-1) - A parse of that appendix for this site found 432 canonical references, against his 456. Isaiah 7:14 is not in his list. [Psalm 22:16](/bible/psalms/22/16) is in the curated table with no explicit New Testament citation. [(4)](#ref-4) ## The Curated Table The table is the curated core on this site: 61 Old Testament lines. Forty-nine are applied to Jesus by an explicit New Testament citation. Two are types Jesus himself applies. Nine are allusions only. One, Psalm 22:16, has no explicit New Testament citation. Twenty of the 61 are from Isaiah. Twenty-five of the 61 also appear in Edersheim’s rabbinic list, 17 of them as headwords. Twelve name Justin Martyr’s First Apology or Irenaeus’s Against Heresies, by chapter only. [(11)](#ref-11) [(12)](#ref-12) A reference in the table opens the King James verse on this site. The words of the verse are in the preview. The column “How It Is Read” names the New Testament citation, a type Jesus applies, an allusion, or the absence of an explicit citation. Where an early Christian writer is named, the link goes to that chapter. ## What Ancient Rabbis Read as Messianic Edersheim’s appendix is a list of passages that ancient rabbinic writings applied to the Messiah, not a list of New Testament quotations. He puts the number at upwards of 456, divided into 75 from the Pentateuch, 243 from the Prophets, and 138 from the Hagiographa, and he says that application is supported by more than 558 references to those writings. [(1)](#ref-1) The book is in the public domain. The parse used on this site found 432 canonical references in that appendix. The difference from 456 comes from ranges, whole chapters, and the parser. The verse file keeps lines that resolve to one King James verse. It tags 348 of those lines with an Edersheim role: 305 headwords, 40 verses in context, and 3 that are only mentioned. On an Old Testament verse that the rabbis read messianically and that the New Testament does not cite, the connections accordion says the line was read that way in Edersheim’s Appendix IX. It does not invent a New Testament link. ## Isaiah 7:14 and the Ancient Synagogue [Matthew 1:23](/bible/matthew/1/23) quotes [Isaiah 7:14](/bible/isaiah/7/14) and says the name Immanuel means God with us. The citation is explicit. Edersheim himself says the ancient synagogue did not read Isaiah 7:14 as messianic, and the row on this site does not tag that verse as his. [(1)](#ref-1) [(2)](#ref-2) The New Testament claim and the rabbinic list come apart at that verse. Justin Martyr discusses the verse in the First Apology, chapter 33. [(11)](#ref-11) ## Psalm 22:16 and a Missing Citation [Psalm 22:16](/bible/psalms/22/16) is in the curated table under pierced hands and feet. The New Testament quotes other lines of Psalm 22. This list has no explicit New Testament citation of verse 16. The early-church column names Justin Martyr, First Apology 35, and does not supply a verse the New Testament does not cite. [(4)](#ref-4) [(11)](#ref-11) ## Frequently Asked Questions ### Is Isaiah 7:14 in Edersheim’s List? No. Edersheim writes that the ancient synagogue did not interpret Isaiah 7:14 in a messianic sense. [(1)](#ref-1) Matthew still cites the verse for the birth of Jesus. [(3)](#ref-3) ### Does Psalm 22:16 Have a New Testament Citation? Not in this list. The theme is pierced hands and feet, and the early Christian citation is Justin’s First Apology, chapter 35. [(4)](#ref-4) [(11)](#ref-11) Other verses of the psalm are quoted in the Gospels. Verse 16 is the one left without an explicit New Testament citation here. ### How Many Passages Did Ancient Rabbis Read as Messianic? Edersheim’s figure is upwards of 456, with the split 75, 243, and 138, and more than 558 rabbinic references behind the applications. [(1)](#ref-1) The parse on this site found 432 canonical references. [How Many Times Does the New Testament Quote the Old Testament?](/christianity/how-many-times-does-the-new-testament-quote-the-old-testament#how-this-sites-list-was-built) explains the quotation files those notes sit beside. ## Passages Quoted on This Page ### Matthew 1:23 King James Version. > Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us. ### Isaiah 7:14 King James Version. > Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. ### 1 Peter 2:24 King James Version. > Who his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we, being dead to sins, should live unto righteousness: by whose stripes ye were healed. ### Isaiah 53:5 King James Version. > But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. ### Numbers 21:9 King James Version. > And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a pole, and it came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. ### John 3:14 King James Version. > And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up: ### Jonah 1:17 King James Version. > Now the LORD had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights. ### Matthew 12:40 King James Version. > For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. ### Psalms 22:16 King James Version. > For dogs have compassed me: the assembly of the wicked have inclosed me: they pierced my hands and my feet. ## Sources Numbered to match the HTML References list. Item 1 is `#ref-1` under `#references`. Scripture links to the King James Version on this site. 1. [The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, Appendix IX](https://ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/lifetimes) (Alfred Edersheim, 1883, public domain. Appendix IX lists Old Testament passages messianically applied in ancient rabbinic writings. He gives the total as upwards of 456, with more than 558 rabbinic references.) 2. [Isaiah, 7:14](https://apologetics.wiki/bible/isaiah/7/14). King James Version 3. [Gospel of Matthew, 1:23](https://apologetics.wiki/bible/matthew/1/23). King James Version 4. [Book of Psalms, 22:16](https://apologetics.wiki/bible/psalms/22/16). King James Version 5. [Isaiah, 53:5](https://apologetics.wiki/bible/isaiah/53/5). King James Version 6. [First Letter of Peter, 2:24](https://apologetics.wiki/bible/1-peter/2/24). King James Version 7. [Numbers, 21:9](https://apologetics.wiki/bible/numbers/21/9). King James Version 8. [Gospel of John, 3:14](https://apologetics.wiki/bible/john/3/14). King James Version 9. [Jonah, 1:17](https://apologetics.wiki/bible/jonah/1/17). King James Version 10. [Gospel of Matthew, 12:40](https://apologetics.wiki/bible/matthew/12/40). King James Version 11. [First Apology, Chapters 32–35, 38, and 50](https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm) (Justin Martyr. This page links the chapter and does not copy the translation.) 12. [Against Heresies, 5.21.1](https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103521.htm) (Irenaeus. This page links the chapter and does not copy the translation.) ## See Also - [What Is Bible Prophecy?](https://apologetics.wiki/christianity/what-is-bible-prophecy) — Bible prophecy is God speaking beforehand. Deuteronomy 18:22 says a word that does not come to pass is not from the LORD. Ezekiel, Daniel, Micah, and the Gospels are the texts this page opens. - [Why Don’t Jews Believe Jesus Is the Messiah?](https://apologetics.wiki/judaism/why-dont-jews-believe-jesus-is-the-messiah) — Maimonides says the Messiah is a Davidic king who keeps the Torah, rebuilds the Temple, and gathers Israel, and that a king who was killed is not that redeemer. Christians say Jesus is that son of David, cut off and raised, and that he is God the Son. - [Is Muhammad the Paraclete or Ahmad?](https://apologetics.wiki/islam/is-muhammad-the-paraclete) — Some Muslims hear Muhammad in Jesus' promise of the Comforter, and in the name Ahmad in Qur'an 61:6. John 14–16 says who that person is. - [Did Jesus Really Exist?](https://apologetics.wiki/christianity/did-jesus-exist) — Yes. Jesus of Nazareth was crucified under Pontius Pilate. Paul, the Gospels, Tacitus, and Josephus all place him there, and a skeptic who rejects the resurrection still says the man was real. - [Is Jesus God?](https://apologetics.wiki/christianity/is-jesus-god) — Yes. Jesus is truly God and truly human. Where Jesus claimed to be God is this page: he forgave sins, applied God’s name and honor to himself, and received Thomas’s confession that he is Lord and God.